Morphological reviews
We scored mature sample peels managed about STRIBC (N =67), the Western Museum off Sheer Record (AMNH, N =25), and the United states Federal Museum bird range https://kissbrides.com/japanese-women/shibuya/ (USNM, N = 10) out of Costa Rica, Panama, and you can Colombia for each from three phenotypic faculties: i) dorsal plumage, ii) ventral plumage, and iii) facial secure ornamentation. Pursuing the , MJM, Sel-, or more to 3 most other observers (pick Most document step 1: Table S1) scored for every single bird by themselves with the a size of 0 – step 1, in which 0 portrayed an excellent phenotypically absolute Jacana spinosa, and you will step 1 represented a great phenotypically sheer Jacana jacana (considering contrasting which have peels from outside the get in touch with region), and in addition we averaged the new score for every feature since phenotypic hybrid directory for each specimen . Specimens that have phenotypic hybrid indices less than 0.10 were categorized as the "pure" spinosa, when you find yourself a collection from 0.90 or maybe more was scored as the "pure" jacana. A score ranging from 0.ten and you can 0.twenty five is categorized due to the fact "spinosa-like", while a directory anywhere between 0.75 and 0.90 was categorized given that "jacana-like". Specimens which have indicator between 0.twenty-five and 0.75 was indeed classified as the "hybrids".
Genetic research
We sequenced a great 652 feet few fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene (COI: the newest DNA barcode fragment) of 59 Panamanian jacanas, in addition to a few specimens of eastern Honduras delivered to our very own study by J. Klicka therefore the Marjorie Barrick Museum. I chose so it gene when planning on taking benefit of present series data to your Genbank to have jacanas from diverse geographical nations, that happen to be also placed into the latest dataset (N = 10). Laboratory steps realize standard steps which were discussed in other places . We attempted but were unable to create succession research out-of toe pad extractions about Smith and you may Emlen a number of specimens.
The latest COI study were used so you can guess the newest hereditary distinctiveness from the 2 jacana varieties and you can infer the full time from speciation anywhere between J. spinosa and you can J. jacana, and also to measure the knowledge to which topography restrictions gene move for the jacanas (we.elizabeth. isolation-by-distance). I generated average-joining system inside PopART . We put Super so you're able to determine an average length utilising the HKY brand of unit evolution to help you compare divergence during the jacanas for other avian variety in which hereditary point could have been calculated utilising the HKY design .
We checked on aftereffect of geographical distance towards genetic distinctions (we.age., separation of the point) via a Mantel sample accompanied on program Alleles in dimensions , and that measures up genetic and you can geographical distances among individuals in place of populations. For both J. spinosa and J. jacana mtDNA sequence sets, we correlated uncorrected pairwise sequence divergence having pairwise geographical range to own all the you can pairs. Significance of new correlation are determined by comparing the fresh seen correlation to arbitrary correlations considering ten,100 permutations.
In order to complement new mtDNA-built analyses away from genetic introgression over the jacana crossbreed region, i sequenced a couple of autosomal introns (gapdh 11: , and you can 10551: ) getting STRIBC specimens built-up all over Panama. Centered on an initial investigations away from succession version regarding a few samples of each geographical endpoint (beyond your hybrid area) in our sampling structure, i understood a single nucleotide polymorphism for each intron: gapdh 3- anti-sense condition 136 (cytosine-thymine: C-T transition), and you can 10551 status 153 (adenine-guanine: A-G change). Ranks try relative to aligned sequences of each intron to your J. spinosa decide to try MJM8238 (Genbank accessions: gapdh: KM891734, 10551: KM891735).
Cline shape analyses
We estimated the shape of the phenotypic and genotypic clines using ClineFit , which applies the cline fitting formulas developed by Szymura and Barton . The shape of a cline is determined by three formulas. The first formula (1) defines a symmetric S-shaped curve around the center of the hybrid zone, and relies on two parameters: c - for the center of the curve, and w - which is 1/maximum slope of the cline, and represents the cline width. Two additional formulae define the cline tails (2,3) and add four additional parameters: z L and z R , which represent the distance from c to a vertical asymptote for the exponential decay of allele frequencies to the left and right sides of the hybrid zone, while ? L and ? R define the rates of this exponential decay relative to the shape of the central cline (1).